Input devices like keyboards, touchscreens, webcams and game controllers are designed and built to digitise the information they receive before sending it to the computer CPU for processing.

In prior Java 101 articles, I referred to the concepts of redirection, standard input device, and standard output device. To demonstrate inputting data, several examples called System.in.read().

In practice, it's a thrice-weekly Sisyphean gauntlet for my audio configuration, during which I'll frequently discover that Windows has lost track of what input and output devices are plugged into ...

The former is modeled using shadow input prices and the latter is formulated either by adding an extra term of scale parameter (when the Farrell's (1957) input technical inefficiency is assumed), or ...