For decades, scientists working with genetic material have labored with a few basic rules in mind. To start, DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), and mRNA is translated into proteins, which ...

A central tenet of biology may need updating given new measurements of start codons. For decades, scientists working with genetic material have labored with a few basic rules in mind. To start, DNA is ...

Using directed evolution, chemists have created a novel ribosome that can insert multiple unnatural amino acids into a single protein in cells. Until now, the lack of available codons—he ...

A new theory that explains why the language of our genes is more complex than it needs to be also suggests that the primordial soup where life began on earth was hot and not cold, as many scientists ...

As wildly diverse as life on Earth is—whether it’s a jaguar hunting down a deer in the Amazon, an orchid vine spiraling around a tree in the Congo, primitive cells growing in boiling hot springs in ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract With few exceptions the genetic codes of all known organisms encode the same 20 amino acids, yet all that is required to add a new building ...