Binary FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK(Phase Shift keying) are extensively used in telecommunication for digital data transmission. FSK/PSK modulator circuits usually employ analogue components ...

The advent of all‐optical modulation format conversion techniques has fundamentally reshaped modern optical communications. These techniques enable the direct manipulation of optical signals in their ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...