Optimal control theory for differential equations is a pivotal discipline that combines rigorous mathematical analysis with practical applications in engineering, economics, and the natural sciences.

Stability theory occupies a central role in the analysis of differential equations and wave equations, serving as the cornerstone for understanding the long‐term behaviour of dynamical systems. At its ...

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are also called initial value problems because a time zero value for each first-order differential equation is needed. The following is an example of a ...