Water is essential for all chemistry and life, yet understanding how it interacts with dissolved ions—such as sodium and ...

Water (H₂O): Oxygen shares one electron with each of the two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom contributes one electron, ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

Electrons in atoms occupy energy levels, also called electron shells, outside the nucleus. Different shells can hold different maximum numbers of electrons. The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest ...

Field investigations of living bivalves of the order Arcoida led to the rediscovery of a contradiction to the longstanding three-fold, three-function concept of bivalve mantle edges. In contrast to ...

Elements in group 1 and group 2 are metals. Atoms of group 1 elements have one electron in their outer shell, and atoms of group 2 elements have two electrons in their outer shell. Elements in groups ...