Rotary ATPases are ubiquitous membrane-bound macromolecular enzymes with similar architecture and mechanism but two distinct physiological functions. All rotary ATPases consist of a transmembrane ...

F-Type ATP synthase, a catalytic complex of proteins, synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of living cells. A lot of ambiguity exists over the rotational mechanism of this ...

Although the exocytotic mechanism for quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release has been widely accepted for many years, it has repeatedly been challenged by reports that ACh released upon stimulation ...