The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

Differential geometry is a pivotal field of mathematics that examines the properties of curves, surfaces and more general manifolds by utilising methods from calculus and linear algebra. Its ...

Noncommutative geometry offers a radical reformulation of traditional geometrical concepts by replacing the classical notion of a manifold with a noncommutative algebra of coordinates. This approach ...