Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of cardiac muscle characterized by a thickening of the left ventricular wall and often predominantly affecting the interventricular septum. This ...

Background. A 61-year-old man presented with shortness of breath and chest pain on exertion. He had been diagnosed as having hiatus hernia 2 years previously and was taking proton-pump inhibitors as ...

The Venturi effect is described as a decrease in pressure when blood flows through a stenosis at a high velocity. This relates to the hemodynamics in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In ...