For small renal calculi ( 2 cm) the currently available treatment options include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and standard/mini percutaneous ...

Percutaneous closure can be described as a less-invasive surgical procedure used to treat patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale (PFO). Since the utilization of percutaneous ...