Of digital electronics, a wise man once said that “Every idiot can count to one.” Truer words have rarely been spoken, because at the end of the day, every digital circuit is really just an analog ...

Andy recommends favorite resources for basic op amp circuits and includes a portion of TI's AN-20. Test your knowledge with our op amp quiz; answer explanations are included. By 1969, a fledgling ...

Avoiding op-amp output saturation error by keeping op-amp outputs “live” and below zero volts is a job where a few milliamps and volts (or even fractions of one ...

Native SPICE elements that accurately replicate an op amp’s real-world behavior were nonexistent. A transconductance sourcing current from the rails and transitioning to a resistive state as the ...