Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Task: You are given the following 16-PSK modulation parameters: • The bitstream to be transmitted is 1010110011011101 (16 bits). • The carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 is 1 MHz. • The symbol rate 𝑅𝑠 is 1 kHz.

Binary FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK(Phase Shift keying) are extensively used in telecommunication for digital data transmission. FSK/PSK modulator circuits usually employ analogue components ...

The advent of all‐optical modulation format conversion techniques has fundamentally reshaped modern optical communications. These techniques enable the direct manipulation of optical signals in their ...

Abstract: Brain-computer interface (BCI) relies on neural sensing systems capable of supporting high-density data collection. To achieve comprehensive and precise monitoring of brain neural activity, ...