Sample variance, often denoted as ‘s^2,’ is a measure used to determine how spread out a data set is. It helps reveal the degree to which the individual data points differ from the mean value of the ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Somer G. Anderson is CPA, doctor of ...

Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous loci associated with complex traits, imprecise modeling of the genetic relatedness within study samples may cause substantial ...

The internal pilot study design allows for modifying the sample size during an ongoing study based on a blinded estimate of the variance thus maintaining the trial integrity. Various blinded sample ...

Consider the following problem. We have a number of samples $X_1, X_2, \cdots, X_N$ that have been obtained from a probability distribution $P_X(x)$ with unknown mean ...