In 1938, the Journal of Scientific Instruments published details of a comparator circuit that converted a slowly varying input signal into an abrupt change in output voltage. Based on cross-coupled ...

In biomedical instrumentation (for example), we're sometimes faced with very noisy or badly-behaved signals from which we need to derive information. In this example, I needed to “square up” a ...

Switches lie at the heart of electronics and their design puts a limit on the size of integrated circuits. By harnessing chemistry, researchers have reduced this problem to a molecular level. In the ...