The progression of carcinomas to high-grade malignancies is accompanied by profound histological changes in the tumor-associated stroma. Although previous studies have suggested that mesenchymal cells ...

Physically interacting proteins or parts of proteins are expected to evolve in a coordinated manner that preserves proper interactions. Such coevolution at the amino acid-sequence level is well ...

Organisms that compete for limited resources within a common environment may evolve traits that allow them to exploit distinct ecological niches, thus enabling multiple species to coexist within the ...

Linking local to regional ecological and evolutionary processes is key to understand the response of Earth's biodiversity to environmental changes. Here we integrate evolution and mutualistic ...

BACKGROUND: Coevolution between pairs of antagonistic species is generally considered an endless "arms race" between attack and defense traits to counteract the adaptive responses of the other species ...

Two major goals in machine learning are the discovery and improvement of solutions to complex problems. In this paper, we argue that complexification, i.e. the incremental elaboration of solutions ...

Producing agents that are effective in video game and video game-like environments is a diffcult task for which powerful solutions are needed. One such solution, shaping, has been applied to standard ...