DNA sequencing involves three main steps: 1) using PCR to amplify DNA fragments, 2) introducing dideoxynucleotides that halt DNA strand elongation, and 3) employing a computer to analyze the …

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In this article, we’ll take a look at methods used for DNA sequencing. We'll focus on one well-established method, Sanger sequencing, but we'll also discuss new ("next-generation") methods that have reduced …

Due to the large size of DNA molecules, cutting them up into smaller molecules makes the job of reading them easier. However, these fragments are first cloned into vectors that are propagated using …

In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is introduced into bacteria via a process called transformation, and bacteria carrying the …

Using PCR, a DNA sequence can be amplified millions or billions of times, producing enough DNA copies to be analyzed using other techniques. For instance, the DNA may be visualized by gel …

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a vital technique in molecular biology, enabling researchers to amplify specific DNA fragments exponentially. Essential for cloning, forensics, and medical …

Here, we will briefly see how these steps happen in bacteria. You can learn more about the details of each stage (and about how eukaryotic transcription is different) in the stages of transcription article.

A gene that encodes a polypeptide is expressed in two steps. In this process, information flows from DNA → RNA → protein, a directional relationship known as the central dogma of molecular biology.

Learn how scientists use messenger RNA, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase to generate a complimentary DNA sequence. Explore how this sequence is amplified, sequenced, and added to an …